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Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. French explorers took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions. Louis XV’s weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the French Revolution. Under the wars of Louis XV, France lost New France and most Indian possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). France became the most populous European country and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. By turning lords into courtiers at the Palace of Versailles, his command of the military went unchallenged.

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• Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the Directory.
• The next largest wave came in the 1960s when around 1.6 million pieds-noirs returned to France following the independence of its northwest African possessions of Algeria and Morocco.
• It is a great power, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state.

At its peak in 1982, the public sector accounted for one-fifth of industrial employment and over four-fifths of the credit market. The Paris Region has the highest concentration of multinational firms in mainland Europe. In 2018 France was the fifth-largest trading nation and second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a fifth of GDP.

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The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France’s largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. The country also hosted the 1960 European Nations’ Cup, UEFA Euro 1984, UEFA Euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. Other popular sports played in France include football, judo, tennis, rugby union and pétanque. The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and Lorraine.

Economic overview

As a significant hub for international relations, France has the third-largest assembly of diplomatic missions, behind China and the United States. In 2015 it was described as “the best networked state in the world” due to its membership in more international institutions than any other country; these include the G7, World Trade Organization, the Pacific Community and the Indian Ocean Commission. The parliament is responsible for determining the rules and principles concerning most areas of law, political amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft specific details concerning most laws.

It includes public transit fees, ticket prices, and costs. Moovit public transit app can help you navigate your way with public transit easily, and at minimum cost. Wondering how to use public transit in Brussel or how to pay for public transit in Brussel? Moovit will alert you when it’s time to get off — no need to constantly re-check whether yours is the next stop. View bus and train schedules, arrival times, service alerts and detailed routes on a map, so you know exactly how to get to anywhere in Brussel.

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Under the doctrine of dirigisme, the government historically played a major role in the economy; policies such as indicative planning and nationalisation are credited for contributing to three decades of unprecedented postwar economic growth known as Trente Glorieuses. Électricité de France (EDF), which is majority-owned by the French government, is the country’s main producer and distributor of electricity and one of the world’s largest electric utility companies, ranking third in revenue globally. In 2010, it banned the wearing of face-covering Islamic veils in public; human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch described the law as discriminatory towards Muslims.

High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)

France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic, including the Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC). This period witnessed the emergence of cave painting in the Dordogne and Pyrenees, including at Lascaux, dated to c. It is a great power, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state.

Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. Diesel and petrol-driven cars and lorries cause a large part of the country’s air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring countries. The Paris Region is enveloped with a dense network of roads and highways, which connect it with virtually all parts of the country. Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having underground or tramway services complementing bus services.

After another revolt in June 1793, the constitution was suspended and power passed from the National Convention to the Committee of Public Safety. The monarchy was abolished and replaced by the French First Republic in September, while Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression. Its causes were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage.

• Two months later in the legislative elections, Macron lost his parliamentary majority and had to form a minority government.
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• The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression.
• France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic, including the Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC).
• Gaul was divided by Augustus into provinces, and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon), the capital of the Gauls.
• Its collapse initiated a period of relative decline in which France endured the Bourbon Restoration until the founding of the French Second Republic which was succeeded by the Second French Empire upon Napoleon III’s takeover.

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From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then pin up online casino built an “empire” from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France. Charlemagne’s son Louis I kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis’ three sons into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Pepin’s son Charlemagne reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and Central Europe. The last Merovingian kings lost power to their mayors of the palace (head of household). Gaul was divided by Augustus into provinces, and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon), the capital of the Gauls. Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.

In 2018, EDF produced roughly one-fifth of the EU’s electricity, primarily from nuclear power. With more than 10 million tourists per year, the French Riviera is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the Paris Region. With 102 million international tourist arrivals in 2024, France is the world’s top tourist destination and ranks third in tourism-derived income due to the shorter duration of visits. The country’s diverse climate, extensive arable land, modern farming technology, and EU subsidies have made it Europe’s leading agricultural producer and exporter.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational European Union, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, establishing the eurozone in 1999 and signing the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring sovereign nations. During the May 1958 crisis, the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened presidency. The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.

Two months later in the legislative elections, Macron lost his parliamentary majority and had to form a minority government. France is a representative democracy organised as a unitary semi-presidential republic. France is ranked 19th by carbon dioxide emissions due to the country’s heavy investment in nuclear power following the 1973 oil crisis, which now accounts for 75 per cent of its electricity production and results in less pollution. With numerous overseas departments and territories scattered across the planet, France possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,261,000 sq mi).

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French philosophers made major contributions to the field in the 20th century including the existentialist works of Simone de Beauvoir, Camus, and Sartre. The French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance. The French government tries to promote French in the EU and globally through institutions such as the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country’s population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi ancestry. With an estimated population of 68,605,616 people,j France is the 20th most populous country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe, and the second most populous in the European Union. There are ten major ports, the largest of which is in Marseille, which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

The urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous; most notably, Haussmann’s renovation of Paris. After the Revolution, the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although it was introduced in France before the revolution with such buildings as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de Toulouse. On the military architectural side, Vauban designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey. It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the Loire Valley, from 1450 as a first reference the Château de Montsoreau.